Radar lobing system

Claim 2

A radar system for receiving unmodulated directional echo signals at radio frequency from a source comprising antenna means for developing from the echo signals at radio frequency a sum signal, an elevation error signal and an azimuth error signal each of the error signals being linearly polarized and having a voltage amplitude indicative of the direction of said source from an axis of said antenna, means responsive to the error siGnals for coupling the error signals in a common conductor with their planes of linear polarization orthogonal to each other, modulating means for simultaneously rotating the linearly polarized planes of said elevation and azimuth error signals at a desired angular velocity, polarization direction sensitive means for accepting a component of said elevation and azimuth error signal in a given direction of polarization to develop a resultant signal including amplitude modulated elevation and azimuth error signals modulated to develop a difference in phase and arranged spectrally as double sideband signals, coupling means coupled to said polarization direction sensitive means and to said antenna means for combining the resultant error signal and the sum signal at radio frequency into a common signal having the sum signal arranged as the carrier wave to the double sideband signals, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to intermediate frequency, amplifier means coupled to said mixing means for amplifying the intermediate frequency common signal, means coupled to said modulating means for developing a reference signal indicative of the angular velocity, provided by the modulating means and detecting means coupled to receive the reference signal and coupled to said amplifier means to respond to the amplitude of the common signal for developing output signals having characteristics indicative of the direction of said source from said antenna means.

Claim 3

A radar lobing system comprising antenna means for developing, from echo signals intercepted from a target, a sum signal, elevation signal, and azimuth signal, all at microwave frequency, the elevation and azimuth signals having relative voltage amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target, a modulator connected for amplitude modulating the elevation and azimuth signals in space quadrature relative to each other at a desired modulation frequency and including means for developing a reference signal having a frequency proportional to said modulation frequency, a coupler connected for combining the sum signal and the modulated signals into a common signal at microwave frequency, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to an intermediate frequency signal, and detecting means coupled to respond to the reference signal of said modulator and coupled to receive the intermediate frequency signal for separating components of the sum, elevation and azimuth signals therefrom having characteristics indicative of the range and direction of said target.

Claim 4

A radar lobing system comprising antenna means for developing, from echo signals intercepted from a target, a sum signal, elevation signal, and azimuth signal, all at microwave frequency, the elevation and azimuth signals having relative voltage amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target, a modulator connected for amplitude modulating the elevation and azimuth signals in space quadrature relative to each other at a desired modulation frequency and including means for developing a reference signal having a frequency proportional to said modulation frequency, a coupler connected for combining the sum signal and the modulated signals into a common signal at microwave frequency, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to an intermediate frequency signal, and detecting means coupled to respond to the reference signal of said modulator and coupled to receive the intermediate frequency signal for separating components of the sum, elevation and azimuth signals therefrom having characteristics indicative of the range and direction of said target.

Claim 5

A radar system for developing a common signal at radio frequency to be passed through a common amplifier from first, second and third unmodulated carrier signals at radio frequency with said common signal including said first and second signals modulated and combined with said third signal as the carrier wave, comprising means for coupling said first and second signals in orthogonal planes, means for rotating the planes of orthogonality at a desired angular velocity, a polarization direction sensitive element for receiving components of the first and second signals in a given plane to develop a modulated signal including the first and second signals modulated at a frequency proportional to said angular velocity and modulated in space quadrature relative to each other, said modulated signal being arranged as a double sideband suppressed carrier signal, and combining means coupled for receiving the double sideband suppressed carrier signal and the third signal to develop a common signal at radio frequency having the third signal arranged as the carrier wave and the first and second signals arranged as double sidebands to the carrier wave.

Claim 6

A radar system for developing a common signal at radio frequency to be passed through a common amplifier from first, second and third unmodulated carrier signals at radio frequency with said common signal including said first and second signals modulated and combined with said third signal as the carrier wave, comprising means for coupling said first and second signals in orthogonal planes, means for rotating the planes of orthogonality at a desired angular velocity, a polarization direction sensitive element for receiving components of the first and second signals in a given plane to develop a modulated signal including the first and second signals modulated at a frequency proportional to said angular velocity and modulated in space quadrature relative to each other, said modulated signal being arranged as a double sideband suppressed carrier signal, and combining means coupled for receiving the double sideband suppressed carrier signal and the third signal to develop a common signal at radio frequency having the third signal arranged as the carrier wave and the first and second signals arranged as double sidebands to the carrier wave.

Claim 9

A radar system for transmitting unmodulated radio frequency energy from a transmitting means and for receiving radio frequency echo signals, comprising antenna means for developing at radio frequency a sum signal, an elevation signal and an azimuth signal in response to said echo signal, said signals each having a selected direction of polarization and having a voltage amplitude indicative of desired information, means for coupling said elevation and azimuth signals so that the directions of polarization of the two signals are orthogonal to each other, modulating means for continually rotating said direction of polarization of said elevation and azimuth signals, means for accepting a cosine component of one of said elevation and azimuth energy signals and a sine component of the other as a function of the angle of rotation of the directions of polarization to develop modulated sideband signals, the modulation frequency being dependent upon the velocity of rotation, coupling means for combining the sideband signals and the sum signal as the carrier wave to develop a radio frequency common signal, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to an intermediate frequency signal, amplifying means for amplifying said intermediate frequency signal, and detecting means including means to develop a reference signal indicative of the velocity of rotation of said modulator means for separating components of the elevation and azimuth signals from the amplified signal having characteristics indicative of the desired information.

Claim 10

A radar system for transmitting unmodulated radio frequency energy from a transmitting means and for receiving radio frequency echo signals, comprising antenna means for developing at radio frequency a sum signal, an elevation signal and an azimuth signal in response to said echo signal, said signals each having a selected direction of polarization and having a voltage amplitude indicative of desired information, means for coupling said elevation and azimuth signals so that the directions of polarization of the two signals are orthogonal to each other, modulating means for continually rotating said direction of polarization of said elevation and azimuth signals, means for accepting a cosine component of one of said elevation and azimuth energy signals and a sine component of the other as a function of the angle of rotation of the directions of polarization to develop modulated sideband signals, the modulation frequency being dependent upon the velocity of rotation, coupling means for combining the sideband signals and the sum signal as the carrier wave to develop a radio frequency common signal, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to an intermediate frequency signal, amplifying means for amplifying said intermediate frequency signal, and detecting means including means to develop a reference signal indicative of the velocity of rotation of said modulator means for separating components of the elevation and azimuth signals from the amplified signal having characteristics indicative of the desired information.

Claim 11

A radar system for receiving unmodulated echo signals at radio frequency, comprising antenna means for responding to said echo signals to develop at radio frequency a sum signal and first and second difference signals having electric vectors polarized in orthogonal planes, the amplitude characteristics of said signals being indicative of desired information, rotating means coupled for rotating the planes of polarization of the difference signals at a desired angular frequency, a device having a fixed plane of acceptance coupled to the output of said rotating means for continually receiving desired components of the rotating signals as a function of the angle of rotation to develop modulated difference signals, coupling means coupled to said device for receiving said modulated difference signals and coupled to said antenna means for receiving said sum signal to develop a common signal at radio frequency, reference means coupled to said rotating means for developing reference signals indicative of the frequency of modulation of said common signal, and means coupled to said coupling means for separating the common signal in response to the reference signals to develop signals indicative of said amplitude characteristics of the sum and difference signals.

Claim 12

A radar system for receiving unmodulated echo signals at radio frequency, comprising antenna means for responding to said echo signals to develop at radio frequency a sum signal and first and second difference signals having electric vectors polarized in orthogonal planes, the amplitude characteristics of said signals being indicative of desired information, rotating means coupled for rotating the planes of polarization of the difference signals at a desired angular frequency, a device having a fixed plane of acceptance coupled to the output of said rotating means for continually receiving desired components of the rotating signals as a function of the angle of rotation to develop modulated difference signals, coupling means coupled to said device for receiving said modulated difference signals and coupled to said antenna means for receiving said sum signal to develop a common signal at radio frequency, reference means coupled to said rotating means for developing reference signals indicative of the frequency of modulation of said common signal, and means coupled to said coupling means for separating the common signal in response to the reference signals to develop signals indicative of said amplitude characteristics of the sum and difference signals.

Claim 13

A radar system for receiving echo signals at radio frequency from a source havIng a varying direction relative to the axis of said antenna, comprising antenna means for receiving the echo signals and for developing a sum signal and for developing elevation and azimuth error signals having electric vectors lying in orthogonal planes, the error signals having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said source, modulator means coupled to said antenna means for continuously rotating the planes of polarization of the vectors and including means for developing a reference signal having a frequency proportional to the rate of rotation, a fixed microwave device for accepting components of the rotated vectors lying in a given plane as a function of the angle between the rotated vector and said fixed microwave device to develop modulated elevation and azimuth error signals which are modulated relative to each other in phase quadrature, a coupler coupled to said microwave device and said antenna means for combining the sum signal with the modulated error signals to develop a common signal at radio frequency, a mixer for heterodyning the common signal to intermediate frequency, and detecting means coupled to receive the reference signal and coupled to said mixer for developing output signals from the common signal having characteristics indicative of the direction of said source.

Claim 14

A radar system for receiving echo signals at radio frequency from a source havIng a varying direction relative to the axis of said antenna, comprising antenna means for receiving the echo signals and for developing a sum signal and for developing elevation and azimuth error signals having electric vectors lying in orthogonal planes, the error signals having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said source, modulator means coupled to said antenna means for continuously rotating the planes of polarization of the vectors and including means for developing a reference signal having a frequency proportional to the rate of rotation, a fixed microwave device for accepting components of the rotated vectors lying in a given plane as a function of the angle between the rotated vector and said fixed microwave device to develop modulated elevation and azimuth error signals which are modulated relative to each other in phase quadrature, a coupler coupled to said microwave device and said antenna means for combining the sum signal with the modulated error signals to develop a common signal at radio frequency, a mixer for heterodyning the common signal to intermediate frequency, and detecting means coupled to receive the reference signal and coupled to said mixer for developing output signals from the common signal having characteristics indicative of the direction of said source.

Claim 15

A radar system for transmitting microwave energy having unmodulated voltage amplitudes from a transmitting means and for intercepting the energy from a target, comprising antenna means for developing sum, elevation, and azimuth signals at microwave frequency in response to the energy intercepted from said target, said signals having given directions of polarization and having relative voltage amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target from said antenna means, means for coupling the elevation and azimuth signals so that their directions of polarization are in orthogonal planes, modulating means coupled for continually rotating at a desired velocity the directions of polarization of the coupled elevation and azimuth signals, means coupled to said modulating means for accepting a cosine component of one and a sine component of the other of the elevation and azimuth energy as a function of the angle of rotation of the directions of polarization to develop a sideband signal having voltage amplitudes of the elevation and azimuth signals modulated in time quadrature relative to each other, the modulation frequency being dependent upon the velocity of rotation of said modulating means, coupling means for combining the sideband signal with the sum signal as the carrier wave to develop a common signal, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to an intermediate frequency signal, amplifying means coupled for amplifying the voltage of the intermediate frequency signal, and detecting means including means to develop a reference signal indicative of said velocity of rotation of said modulator means coupled for developing output signals from the intermediate frequency signal having characteristics indicative of the relative amplitudes of the sum, elevation and azimuth signals.

Claim 16

A radar system for transmitting microwave energy having unmodulated voltage amplitudes from a transmitting means and for intercepting the energy from a target, comprising antenna means for developing sum, elevation, and azimuth signals at microwave frequency in response to the energy intercepted from said target, said signals having given directions of polarization and having relative voltage amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target from said antenna means, means for coupling the elevation and azimuth signals so that their directions of polarization are in orthogonal planes, modulating means coupled for continually rotating at a desired velocity the directions of polarization of the coupled elevation and azimuth signals, means coupled to said modulating means for accepting a cosine component of one and a sine component of the other of the elevation and azimuth energy as a function of the angle of rotation of the directions of polarization to develop a sideband signal having voltage amplitudes of the elevation and azimuth signals modulated in time quadrature relative to each other, the modulation frequency being dependent upon the velocity of rotation of said modulating means, coupling means for combining the sideband signal with the sum signal as the carrier wave to develop a common signal, mixing means for heterodyning the common signal to an intermediate frequency signal, amplifying means coupled for amplifying the voltage of the intermediate frequency signal, and detecting means including means to develop a reference signal indicative of said velocity of rotation of said modulator means coupled for developing output signals from the intermediate frequency signal having characteristics indicative of the relative amplitudes of the sum, elevation and azimuth signals.

Claim 17

Means operative at radio frequency for developing a common signal from a first, second and third signal having electric vectors with amplitudes indicative of desired information, with the common signal having said first and second signals arranged as spectral sidebands to said third signal and with a selective frequency separation from said third signal, comprising means including a first orthogonal mode transducer coupled for coupling the electric vectors of the first and second signals into orthogonal planes relative to each other, rotating means for continually rotating the planes of the first and second signals at a selective angular velocity, a second orthogonal mode transducer coupled to said rotating means for presenting a fixed plane of acceptance of vectorial components as a function of the angle of rotation a cosine component of one and a sine component of the other of the rotating first and seCond signals so as to develop a double sideband signal, which includes the first and second signals each modulated in time relation relative to each other at a frequency proportional to the angular velocity, and coupling means including a third orthogonal mode transducer for coupling the vectorial components of said double sideband signal and said third signal into orthogonal planes, preset means coupled to said third transducer for rotating said orthogonal planes through a desired angle, a fourth orthogonal mode transducer coupled to said preset means for accepting as a function of the angle of rotation a cosine component of one and a sine component of the other of the rotated double sideband signal and the third signal and for combining the double sideband signal with the third signal as a carrier wave to develop a common signal having characteristics indicative of the desired information.

Claim 18

Means operative at radio frequency for developing a common signal from a first, second and third signal having electric vectors with amplitudes indicative of desired information, with the common signal having said first and second signals arranged as spectral sidebands to said third signal and with a selective frequency separation from said third signal, comprising means including a first orthogonal mode transducer coupled for coupling the electric vectors of the first and second signals into orthogonal planes relative to each other, rotating means for continually rotating the planes of the first and second signals at a selective angular velocity, a second orthogonal mode transducer coupled to said rotating means for presenting a fixed plane of acceptance of vectorial components as a function of the angle of rotation a cosine component of one and a sine component of the other of the rotating first and seCond signals so as to develop a double sideband signal, which includes the first and second signals each modulated in time relation relative to each other at a frequency proportional to the angular velocity, and coupling means including a third orthogonal mode transducer for coupling the vectorial components of said double sideband signal and said third signal into orthogonal planes, preset means coupled to said third transducer for rotating said orthogonal planes through a desired angle, a fourth orthogonal mode transducer coupled to said preset means for accepting as a function of the angle of rotation a cosine component of one and a sine component of the other of the rotated double sideband signal and the third signal and for combining the double sideband signal with the third signal as a carrier wave to develop a common signal having characteristics indicative of the desired information.

Claim 19

A radar system for developing a common signal at radio frequency from first and second signals at radio frequency which have electric vectors with amplitudes indicative of the relative magnitude of desired information and from a third signal at radio frequency having an electric vector with an amplitude for referencing the desired information, with the first and second signals being separable from the common signal, said system acting to vary the coupling ratio of the first and second signals with the third signal, comprising first transducer means for coupling the first and second signals into a first unified signal with the electric vector components thereof being orthogonally polarized, first signal rotating means coupled to said first transducer means for continually rotating said first unified signal, a first polarization sensitive element for accepting components of the electric vectors of the first and second signal which are in a given plane to develop a combined signal including the first and second signals amplitude modulated in a fixed phase relation for separating the first and second signals from the common signal, second transducer means connected for combining the combined signal and the third signal into a second unified signal with the electric vectors thereof being orthogonally polarized, second signal rotating means coupled for rotating said second polarized signal through a selective angle, and a second polarization sensitive element for receiving components of the combined signal and the third signal and for coupling said signals to develop a common signal with the selective angle determining the coupling ratio of the amplitudes of the combined signal relative to the third signal, the common signal having separable characteristics which include the relative magnitude of the desired information and a reference magnitude dependent upon the amplitude of the third signal and the selective angle.

Claim 20

A radar system for developing a common signal at radio frequency from first and second signals at radio frequency which have electric vectors with amplitudes indicative of the relative magnitude of desired information and from a third signal at radio frequency having an electric vector with an amplitude for referencing the desired information, with the first and second signals being separable from the common signal, said system acting to vary the coupling ratio of the first and second signals with the third signal, comprising first transducer means for coupling the first and second signals into a first unified signal with the electric vector components thereof being orthogonally polarized, first signal rotating means coupled to said first transducer means for continually rotating said first unified signal, a first polarization sensitive element for accepting components of the electric vectors of the first and second signal which are in a given plane to develop a combined signal including the first and second signals amplitude modulated in a fixed phase relation for separating the first and second signals from the common signal, second transducer means connected for combining the combined signal and the third signal into a second unified signal with the electric vectors thereof being orthogonally polarized, second signal rotating means coupled for rotating said second polarized signal through a selective angle, and a second polarization sensitive element for receiving components of the combined signal and the third signal and for coupling said signals to develop a common signal with the selective angle determining the coupling ratio of the amplitudes of the combined signal relative to the third signal, the common signal having separable characteristics which include the relative magnitude of the desired information and a reference magnitude dependent upon the amplitude of the third signal and the selective angle.

Claim 25

A radar receiver for responding to unmodulated echo signals received from a target at radio frequency, comprising means to receive the echo signal and develop a sum signal in one direction of polarization and to develop orthogonally polarized azimuth and elevation error signals, said error signals having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target relative to an axis of said antenna, modulating means coupled to said means to receive for receiving the elevation and azimuth error signals and including a continually rotating half wave plate for shifting the phase of components of the elevation and azimuth error signals in the plane of the plate relative to components of the signals out of the plane of said plate to rotate the direction of polarization of the elevation and azimuth error signals as a function of the angular velocity of said half wave plate, said half wave plate being rotatable at a variable angular velocity, means defining a polarization sensitive output plane coupled for accepting an azimuth and elevation error component of the rotating signals in the plane of acceptance, the accepted component being a cosine function of the angle between the rotated error signals and said output plane, to develop a modulated elevation and azimuth signal being phase separated and being at a frequency dependent upon the variable angular velocity, the modulated signals being arranged spectrally as double sidebands, coupler means coupled to said modulating means for receiving the modulated azimuth and elevation error signals and coupled to said means to receive for receiving the sum signal to develop a combined signal with the sum signal being arranged as a carrier wave to said double sidebands, means for amplifying the common signal, means coupled to said modulating means to develop a reference signal having a frequency dependent upon the variable angular velocity, and detecting means coupled to receive the common signal and coupled to said modulator for receiving the reference signal for separating said amplified elevation and error signals to develop output signals having characteristics indicative of direction of said target.

Claim 26

A radar receiver for responding to unmodulated echo signals received from a target at radio frequency, comprising means to receive the echo signal and develop a sum signal in one direction of polarization and to develop orthogonally polarized azimuth and elevation error signals, said error signals having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target relative to an axis of said antenna, modulating means coupled to said means to receive for receiving the elevation and azimuth error signals and including a continually rotating half wave plate for shifting the phase of components of the elevation and azimuth error signals in the plane of the plate relative to components of the signals out of the plane of said plate to rotate the direction of polarization of the elevation and azimuth error signals as a function of the angular velocity of said half wave plate, said half wave plate being rotatable at a variable angular velocity, means defining a polarization sensitive output plane coupled for accepting an azimuth and elevation error component of the rotating signals in the plane of acceptance, the accepted component being a cosine function of the angle between the rotated error signals and said output plane, to develop a modulated elevation and azimuth signal being phase separated and being at a frequency dependent upon the variable angular velocity, the modulated signals being arranged spectrally as double sidebands, coupler means coupled to said modulating means for receiving the modulated azimuth and elevation error signals and coupled to said means to receive for receiving the sum signal to develop a combined signal with the sum signal being arranged as a carrier wave to said double sidebands, means for amplifying the common signal, means coupled to said modulating means to develop a reference signal having a frequency dependent upon the variable angular velocity, and detecting means coupled to receive the common signal and coupled to said modulator for receiving the reference signal for separating said amplified elevation and error signals to develop output signals having characteristics indicative of direction of said target.

Claim 27

A radar system comprising fixed monopulse antenna means for receiving radio frequency echo signals indicative of directional error to develop a sum signal and a polarized azimuth and elevation signal all at radio frequency, transmitter means coupled to said antenna means for transmitting on an axis of said antenna means, first coupling means connected to said antenna means for receiving said azimuth and elevation signals and for coupling them with their electric vectors lying in orthogonal planes of polarization, a rotating half wave phase shifter for rotating the planes of the coupled azimuth and elevation signals, a member defining an output plane for receiving components of the azimuth and elevation error signals as a function of the cosine of the angles between the electric vectors and the output plane to develop modulated elevation and azimuth signals being modulated at dIfferent phase relations and to combine said modulated signals to develop a modulated error signal varying in phase relation to said azimuth and elevation signals so as to indicate the relative amplitude of the azimuth and elevation error signals, coupling means coupled to said modulator for receiving the modulated error signal and coupled to said antenna means for receiving the sum signal to develop a common error signal, means for amplifying the common error signal coupled to said coupling means, reference means coupled to said rotating half wave plate for developing reference signals indicative of the frequency of modulation of said common error signal, and detecting means coupled to said amplifying means responsive to the reference signals and the azimuth and elevation signals of said common signal to develop output signals indicative of the relative elevation and azimuth directional error.

Claim 28

A radar system comprising fixed monopulse antenna means for receiving radio frequency echo signals indicative of directional error to develop a sum signal and a polarized azimuth and elevation signal all at radio frequency, transmitter means coupled to said antenna means for transmitting on an axis of said antenna means, first coupling means connected to said antenna means for receiving said azimuth and elevation signals and for coupling them with their electric vectors lying in orthogonal planes of polarization, a rotating half wave phase shifter for rotating the planes of the coupled azimuth and elevation signals, a member defining an output plane for receiving components of the azimuth and elevation error signals as a function of the cosine of the angles between the electric vectors and the output plane to develop modulated elevation and azimuth signals being modulated at dIfferent phase relations and to combine said modulated signals to develop a modulated error signal varying in phase relation to said azimuth and elevation signals so as to indicate the relative amplitude of the azimuth and elevation error signals, coupling means coupled to said modulator for receiving the modulated error signal and coupled to said antenna means for receiving the sum signal to develop a common error signal, means for amplifying the common error signal coupled to said coupling means, reference means coupled to said rotating half wave plate for developing reference signals indicative of the frequency of modulation of said common error signal, and detecting means coupled to said amplifying means responsive to the reference signals and the azimuth and elevation signals of said common signal to develop output signals indicative of the relative elevation and azimuth directional error.

Claim 29

A radar system for overcoming undesired signals which affect the sideband signals of the system comprising antenna means for receiving an echo signal from a target and for developing at microwave frequency a sum and a first and second error signal, said antenna means also receiving the undesired signals having frequencies different from the echo signals, each of the first and second signals having electric vector components polarized in a direction at right angles to the other, and the sum signal having electric vector components polarized in a direction parallel to one of the error signals, the error signals having amplitudes indicative of the relative direction of said target from an axis of said antenna and the sum signal having a reference magnitude for referencing the amplitudes of the error signals, first means for coupling the first and second error signals with their electric vector components polarized in orthogonal planes, rotating means coupled for rotating said planes of the error signals at a desired rate of angular velocity, a first polarization sensitive element for accepting a cosine component of one of the rotating error signals and a sine component of the other, the components accepted being a function of the angle of said rotating means and having electric vector components polarized at right angles to those of the sum signal to develop a double sideband signal having sideband components separated from each other at a frequency controlled by said rate of rotation, second means coupled to said antenna and to said polarized plane for coupling the sum signal and the double sideband signal with the electric vector components thereof polarized in orthogonal planes, a half wave plate coupled to said second means for rotating said planes of polarization through a preset rotation angle, a second polarization sensitive element coupled to said half waveplate for receiving a cosine component of either the sum signal or the sideband signal and for receiving a sine component of the other, said components received being a function of said desired rotation angle and combining with the sum signal arranged as the carrier wave to said sideband signals to develop a common signal at radio frequency, the common signal having electric vector components polarized in a fixed plane and including the sum and the sideband signal having relative amplitudes which vary with said preset angle of said half wave plate, a mixer coupler to heterodyne the common signal to intermediate frequency, amplifying means coupled to the mixer for amplifying the intermediate frequency common signal, means coupled to develop a reference signal at a frequency proportional to said rate of rotation of said rotating means, and detecting means coupled to receive the amplified signal and responsive to the reference signal to develop output signals having characteristics indicative of the direction of said source from said antenna axis, thereby providing a system where the angular velocity of said rotation means varies the frequency separation between the sideband signals and carrier wave and where the preset rotAtion angle of said variable coupler changes the relative amplitude of the sum signal and the error signals to overcome the effect of the undesired signals.

Claim 30

A radar system for overcoming undesired signals which affect the sideband signals of the system comprising antenna means for receiving an echo signal from a target and for developing at microwave frequency a sum and a first and second error signal, said antenna means also receiving the undesired signals having frequencies different from the echo signals, each of the first and second signals having electric vector components polarized in a direction at right angles to the other, and the sum signal having electric vector components polarized in a direction parallel to one of the error signals, the error signals having amplitudes indicative of the relative direction of said target from an axis of said antenna and the sum signal having a reference magnitude for referencing the amplitudes of the error signals, first means for coupling the first and second error signals with their electric vector components polarized in orthogonal planes, rotating means coupled for rotating said planes of the error signals at a desired rate of angular velocity, a first polarization sensitive element for accepting a cosine component of one of the rotating error signals and a sine component of the other, the components accepted being a function of the angle of said rotating means and having electric vector components polarized at right angles to those of the sum signal to develop a double sideband signal having sideband components separated from each other at a frequency controlled by said rate of rotation, second means coupled to said antenna and to said polarized plane for coupling the sum signal and the double sideband signal with the electric vector components thereof polarized in orthogonal planes, a half wave plate coupled to said second means for rotating said planes of polarization through a preset rotation angle, a second polarization sensitive element coupled to said half waveplate for receiving a cosine component of either the sum signal or the sideband signal and for receiving a sine component of the other, said components received being a function of said desired rotation angle and combining with the sum signal arranged as the carrier wave to said sideband signals to develop a common signal at radio frequency, the common signal having electric vector components polarized in a fixed plane and including the sum and the sideband signal having relative amplitudes which vary with said preset angle of said half wave plate, a mixer coupler to heterodyne the common signal to intermediate frequency, amplifying means coupled to the mixer for amplifying the intermediate frequency common signal, means coupled to develop a reference signal at a frequency proportional to said rate of rotation of said rotating means, and detecting means coupled to receive the amplified signal and responsive to the reference signal to develop output signals having characteristics indicative of the direction of said source from said antenna axis, thereby providing a system where the angular velocity of said rotation means varies the frequency separation between the sideband signals and carrier wave and where the preset rotAtion angle of said variable coupler changes the relative amplitude of the sum signal and the error signals to overcome the effect of the undesired signals.

Claim 31

A radar system for receiving radio frequency echo signals from a target comprising antenna means for responding to the echo signal to develop at microwave frequency a sum and a first and second error signal having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target from an axis of said antenna means, the sum and error signals having polarized electric vectors, first coupling means to combine the first and second error signals with their electric vectors polarized in orthogonal planes, a rotatable half wave plate for rotating said electric vectors in said planes at a selective angular velocity, a first polarization sensitive element having a directional plane for receiving components of the error signals proportional to a cosine of one error signal and a sine of the other as a function of the angle between the rotated vector and said directional plane of said polarization sensitive element to develop a modulated signal including the first and second error signals having a phase difference and arranged spectrally as double sideband signals, means for coupling the modulated signal and the sum signal with their electric vectors polarized in orthogonal planes, means for rotating said orthogonal planes through a variable preset angle, a second polarization sensitive element having a directional plane for receiving components proportional to a cosine of one of the modulated signal and the sum signal and a sine of the other as a function of the angle between the rotated signal and said directional plane of said second polarization sensitive element to develop a common signal including the double sideband signals and the sum signal as the carrier signal, the position of said variable angle changing the relative amplitudes of the carrier signals and the sideband signals, a mixer for heterodyning the common signal to intermediate frequency, an amplifier for amplifying the intermediate frequency common signal, means coupled to said rotatable half wave plate for developing reference signals indicative of said angular velocity, and detecting means coupled to said amplifier for responding to the reference signal and to the common signal to develop output signals indicative of the direction of said target relative to said antenna axis.

Claim 32

A radar system for receiving radio frequency echo signals from a target comprising antenna means for responding to the echo signal to develop at microwave frequency a sum and a first and second error signal having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said target from an axis of said antenna means, the sum and error signals having polarized electric vectors, first coupling means to combine the first and second error signals with their electric vectors polarized in orthogonal planes, a rotatable half wave plate for rotating said electric vectors in said planes at a selective angular velocity, a first polarization sensitive element having a directional plane for receiving components of the error signals proportional to a cosine of one error signal and a sine of the other as a function of the angle between the rotated vector and said directional plane of said polarization sensitive element to develop a modulated signal including the first and second error signals having a phase difference and arranged spectrally as double sideband signals, means for coupling the modulated signal and the sum signal with their electric vectors polarized in orthogonal planes, means for rotating said orthogonal planes through a variable preset angle, a second polarization sensitive element having a directional plane for receiving components proportional to a cosine of one of the modulated signal and the sum signal and a sine of the other as a function of the angle between the rotated signal and said directional plane of said second polarization sensitive element to develop a common signal including the double sideband signals and the sum signal as the carrier signal, the position of said variable angle changing the relative amplitudes of the carrier signals and the sideband signals, a mixer for heterodyning the common signal to intermediate frequency, an amplifier for amplifying the intermediate frequency common signal, means coupled to said rotatable half wave plate for developing reference signals indicative of said angular velocity, and detecting means coupled to said amplifier for responding to the reference signal and to the common signal to develop output signals indicative of the direction of said target relative to said antenna axis.

Claim 33

A radar system for receiving unmodulated directional echo signals at radio frequency from a source, comprising antenna means for developing from the echo signals a sum signal, an elevation error signal, and an azimuth error signal, the signals being linearly polarized and having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said source from an axis of said antenna, a first orthogonal mode transducer having a first rectangular waveguide section for receiving the elevation error signal linearly polarized in either a first or a second direction, having a second rectangular waveguide section for receiving the azimuth signal linearly polarized in the other direction and having a square waveguide section for coupling the error signals into a first orthogonally polarized signal, a rotating half wave plate including a first and second septum arranged for shifting the phase of components of the error signals in the plane of said septums to rotate the orthogonally polarized signals, said half wave plate being continuously rotated at a desired angular velocity, a second orthogonal mode transducer having a square waveguide section coupled to said rotated half wave plate for receiving the rotated signals and including a rectangular waveguide section for receiving components of the error signals polarized in said second direction to thereby develop a carrier suppressed signal including the error signals modulated in phase quadrature relative to each other, a third orthogonal mode transducer having a first rectangular waveguide section coupled to receive the modulated signals linearly polarized in either saiD first or second direction, having a second rectangular waveguide section coupled for receiving the sum signal linearly polarized in the other direction and having a square waveguide section for coupling the signals into a second orthogonally polarized signal, a second half wave plate having a first and second septum and coupled for being rotated to a desired angle so as to rotate the orthogonally polarized error signal and sum signal through a desired angle, a fourth orthogonal mode transducer having a square waveguide section coupled to said half wave plate for receiving the rotated signals and having a rectangular waveguide section for receiving components of the rotated signal linearly polarized in said second direction to develop a common signal, a mixer coupled to heterodyne the common signal to intermediate frequency, an amplifier coupled to said mixer for amplifying the intermediate frequency signal, a reference signal generator coupled to said first half wave plate for developing reference signals indicative of the angular velocity of rotation, and detecting means coupled to said amplifier for developing signals in response to the reference signal indicative of said direction of said source.

Claim 34

A radar system for receiving unmodulated directional echo signals at radio frequency from a source, comprising antenna means for developing from the echo signals a sum signal, an elevation error signal, and an azimuth error signal, the signals being linearly polarized and having amplitudes indicative of the direction of said source from an axis of said antenna, a first orthogonal mode transducer having a first rectangular waveguide section for receiving the elevation error signal linearly polarized in either a first or a second direction, having a second rectangular waveguide section for receiving the azimuth signal linearly polarized in the other direction and having a square waveguide section for coupling the error signals into a first orthogonally polarized signal, a rotating half wave plate including a first and second septum arranged for shifting the phase of components of the error signals in the plane of said septums to rotate the orthogonally polarized signals, said half wave plate being continuously rotated at a desired angular velocity, a second orthogonal mode transducer having a square waveguide section coupled to said rotated half wave plate for receiving the rotated signals and including a rectangular waveguide section for receiving components of the error signals polarized in said second direction to thereby develop a carrier suppressed signal including the error signals modulated in phase quadrature relative to each other, a third orthogonal mode transducer having a first rectangular waveguide section coupled to receive the modulated signals linearly polarized in either saiD first or second direction, having a second rectangular waveguide section coupled for receiving the sum signal linearly polarized in the other direction and having a square waveguide section for coupling the signals into a second orthogonally polarized signal, a second half wave plate having a first and second septum and coupled for being rotated to a desired angle so as to rotate the orthogonally polarized error signal and sum signal through a desired angle, a fourth orthogonal mode transducer having a square waveguide section coupled to said half wave plate for receiving the rotated signals and having a rectangular waveguide section for receiving components of the rotated signal linearly polarized in said second direction to develop a common signal, a mixer coupled to heterodyne the common signal to intermediate frequency, an amplifier coupled to said mixer for amplifying the intermediate frequency signal, a reference signal generator coupled to said first half wave plate for developing reference signals indicative of the angular velocity of rotation, and detecting means coupled to said amplifier for developing signals in response to the reference signal indicative of said direction of said source.