US3890942A — Reduction of NO{HD x{b , HC, and CO in the exhaus…

Claim 1

Independent Claim 266 words

A METHOD FOR OBTAINING SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLETE COMBUSTION IN A FOUR-CYCLE SPARK-IGITION INTERNAL COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINE WHILE MINIMIZING PRODUCTION OF UNWANTED EMISSIONS SUCH AS NOX, HC AND CO IN THE ENGINE EXHAUSE GASES, COMPRISING THE STEPS OF: INTRODUCING TWO SEPARATE MIXTURES OF AIR AND FUEL INTO A MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER AT SEPARATE LOCATIONS AND IN A MANNER TO MINIMIZE THE MIXING OF THE TWO MIXTURES DURING BOTH THE SUCTION AND COMPRESSION STROKES OF THE PISTON, ONE SAID MIXTURE BEING SUBSTANTIALLY RICHER IN FUEL CONTENT, SAID RICHER MIXTURE BEING INTRODUCED INTO THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER THROUGH AN AUXILIARY CHAMBER AND TORCH OPENING CONNECTING THE CHAMBERS, CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT OF RICHER MIXTURE INTRODUCED INTO THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO FORM A SMALLER VOLUME THAN THE OTHER MIXTURE, SIMULTANEOUSLY COMPRESSING BOTH MIXTURES WITH PART OF THE RICHER MIXTURE BEING RETURNED THROUGH THE TORCH OPENING INTO THE AUXILIARY CHAMBER, MAINTAINING QUIESCENCE AND MINIMUM TURBULENCE WITHIN THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER DURING AND AT THE END OF THE COMPRESSION STROKE, SPARK-IGNITING THE COMPRESSED MIXTURE IN THE AUXILIARY CHAMBER TO PROJECT A TORCH FLAME THROUGH THE TORCH OPENING TO IGNITE THE QUIESCENT MIXTURES IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, THE TORCH OPENING BEING PLACED SO THAT THE TORCH FLAME AXIS EXTENDS SYMMERTICALLY FROM THE AUXILIARY CHAMBER TOWARD THE AXIS OF THE PISTON AND INCLINED WITH RESPECT THERETO, THE TORCH FLAME PRODUCING A CONTINUING COMBUSTION OF THE AIR-FUEL MIXTURES IN THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER, THE RESULTING TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE MAIN CHAMBER REACHING A PEAK AND THEN FALLING FROM THE PEAK LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF THE AMOUNT OF THE RISE DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE POWER STROKE.

Claim 2

Independent Claim 266 words

A METHOD FOR OBTAINING SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLETE COMBUSTION IN A FOUR-CYCLE SPARK-IGITION INTERNAL COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINE WHILE MINIMIZING PRODUCTION OF UNWANTED EMISSIONS SUCH AS NOX, HC AND CO IN THE ENGINE EXHAUSE GASES, COMPRISING THE STEPS OF: INTRODUCING TWO SEPARATE MIXTURES OF AIR AND FUEL INTO A MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER AT SEPARATE LOCATIONS AND IN A MANNER TO MINIMIZE THE MIXING OF THE TWO MIXTURES DURING BOTH THE SUCTION AND COMPRESSION STROKES OF THE PISTON, ONE SAID MIXTURE BEING SUBSTANTIALLY RICHER IN FUEL CONTENT, SAID RICHER MIXTURE BEING INTRODUCED INTO THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER THROUGH AN AUXILIARY CHAMBER AND TORCH OPENING CONNECTING THE CHAMBERS, CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT OF RICHER MIXTURE INTRODUCED INTO THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO FORM A SMALLER VOLUME THAN THE OTHER MIXTURE, SIMULTANEOUSLY COMPRESSING BOTH MIXTURES WITH PART OF THE RICHER MIXTURE BEING RETURNED THROUGH THE TORCH OPENING INTO THE AUXILIARY CHAMBER, MAINTAINING QUIESCENCE AND MINIMUM TURBULENCE WITHIN THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER DURING AND AT THE END OF THE COMPRESSION STROKE, SPARK-IGNITING THE COMPRESSED MIXTURE IN THE AUXILIARY CHAMBER TO PROJECT A TORCH FLAME THROUGH THE TORCH OPENING TO IGNITE THE QUIESCENT MIXTURES IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, THE TORCH OPENING BEING PLACED SO THAT THE TORCH FLAME AXIS EXTENDS SYMMERTICALLY FROM THE AUXILIARY CHAMBER TOWARD THE AXIS OF THE PISTON AND INCLINED WITH RESPECT THERETO, THE TORCH FLAME PRODUCING A CONTINUING COMBUSTION OF THE AIR-FUEL MIXTURES IN THE MAIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER, THE RESULTING TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE MAIN CHAMBER REACHING A PEAK AND THEN FALLING FROM THE PEAK LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF THE AMOUNT OF THE RISE DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE POWER STROKE.

Claim 3

Dependent Claim 29 words

The method set forth in claim 1 in which the controlling of the amount of the richer air-fuel mixture is accomplished by throttling the air flow for that mixture.

Claim 4

Dependent Claim 33 words

The method set forth in claim 1 in which the ratio of the weight of air delivered to the auxiliary chamber to that to the main chamber decreases as the engine load increases.

Claim 5

Dependent Claim 37 words

The method set forth in claim 1 in which the ratio of the weight of fuel delivered to the auxiliary chamber to the total weight of fuel delivered to both chambers decreases as the engine load increases.

Claim 6

Independent Claim 231 words

A method for obtaining substAntially complete combustion in a four-cycle spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine while minimizing producton of unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, comprising the steps of: introducing two separate mixtures of air and fuel into a combustion chamber at separate locations and in a manner to minimize the mixing of the two mixtures during both the suction and compression strokes of the piston, one said mixture being substantially richer in fuel content, said richer mixture being introduced into the combustion chamber through an auxiliary chamber and torch nozzle restriction, controlling the amount of richer mixture introduced into the combustion chamber to form a smaller volume than the other mixture, simultaneously compressing both mixtures with part of the richer mixture being returned through the torch nozzle restriction into the auxiliary chamber, maintaining quiescence and minimum turbulence within the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke, spark-igniting the compressed mixture in the auxiliary chamber to project a torch flame through the torch nozzle restriction into the quiescent mixtures in the combustion chamber, the torch flame producing a continuing combustion of the air-fuel mixtures in the combustion chamber throughout the power stroke of the piston, the weight of fuel delivered to the auxiliary chamber as compared to the weight of fuel delivered to both chambers varying for certain engine conditions, as follows:

Claim 7

Independent Claim 231 words

A method for obtaining substAntially complete combustion in a four-cycle spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine while minimizing producton of unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, comprising the steps of: introducing two separate mixtures of air and fuel into a combustion chamber at separate locations and in a manner to minimize the mixing of the two mixtures during both the suction and compression strokes of the piston, one said mixture being substantially richer in fuel content, said richer mixture being introduced into the combustion chamber through an auxiliary chamber and torch nozzle restriction, controlling the amount of richer mixture introduced into the combustion chamber to form a smaller volume than the other mixture, simultaneously compressing both mixtures with part of the richer mixture being returned through the torch nozzle restriction into the auxiliary chamber, maintaining quiescence and minimum turbulence within the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke, spark-igniting the compressed mixture in the auxiliary chamber to project a torch flame through the torch nozzle restriction into the quiescent mixtures in the combustion chamber, the torch flame producing a continuing combustion of the air-fuel mixtures in the combustion chamber throughout the power stroke of the piston, the weight of fuel delivered to the auxiliary chamber as compared to the weight of fuel delivered to both chambers varying for certain engine conditions, as follows:

Claim 8

Dependent Claim 23 words

The method set forth in claim 1 in which the peak combustion temperature in the main chamber does not exceed about 1,200* C.

Claim 9

Dependent Claim 32 words

The method set forth in claim 1 in which the combustion temperature in the main chamber is maintained at not less than about 800* C throughout the power stroke of the piston.

Claim 10

Independent Claim 252 words

The method of operating a four-cycle spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, comprising the following steps: introducing two separate mixtures of air and fuel into a main combustion chamber at separate locations and in a manner to minimize the mixing of the two mixtures, one of said mixtures being richer than the other, introducing the richer mixture during the suction stroke of the piston through an auxiliary chamber and a torch opening connecting the chambers to form a localized region comprising a mixture of moderate richness within the main chamber near the torch opening, controlling the amount of richer mixture introduced into the combustion chamber to form a smaller volume than the other mixture, causing reverse flow of a portion of said moderate mixture back through the torch opening into the auxiliary chamber during the compression stroke of the piston, the portion of the compressed moderate mixture remaining in the main chamber near the torch opening comprising a mixture cloud having an air-fuel gradient, maintaining quiescence and minimum turbulence within the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke, spark-igniting the mixture in the auxiliary chamber to produce a flame extending through the torch opening to burn the mixture cloud and lean mixture, the resulting temperature rise in the main chamber reaching a peak and then falling from the peak less than one-half of the amount of the rise during the remainder of the power stroke.

Claim 11

Independent Claim 252 words

The method of operating a four-cycle spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, comprising the following steps: introducing two separate mixtures of air and fuel into a main combustion chamber at separate locations and in a manner to minimize the mixing of the two mixtures, one of said mixtures being richer than the other, introducing the richer mixture during the suction stroke of the piston through an auxiliary chamber and a torch opening connecting the chambers to form a localized region comprising a mixture of moderate richness within the main chamber near the torch opening, controlling the amount of richer mixture introduced into the combustion chamber to form a smaller volume than the other mixture, causing reverse flow of a portion of said moderate mixture back through the torch opening into the auxiliary chamber during the compression stroke of the piston, the portion of the compressed moderate mixture remaining in the main chamber near the torch opening comprising a mixture cloud having an air-fuel gradient, maintaining quiescence and minimum turbulence within the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke, spark-igniting the mixture in the auxiliary chamber to produce a flame extending through the torch opening to burn the mixture cloud and lean mixture, the resulting temperature rise in the main chamber reaching a peak and then falling from the peak less than one-half of the amount of the rise during the remainder of the power stroke.

Claim 12

Dependent Claim 272 words

In a four-cycle spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: a main combustion chamber having valved intake and exhaust passages, an auxiliary combustion chamber having a valved inlet passage, means forming a torch opening connecting said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of The total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch opening being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, carburetor means for supplying a lean air-fuel mixture to said valved intake passage, carburetor means for supplying a rich air-fuel mixture to said valved inlet passage, so that during the suction stroke of the piston a lean mixture is drawn into the main chamber and a rich mixture is simultaneously drawn through the auxiliary chamber and torch opening into the main chamber, means for limiting the amount of rich mixture introduced, the shape of the main chamber acting to minimize squish and turbulence at the end of the compression stroke so that a localized region comprising a quiescent mixture of moderate richness is formed in the main chamber near said torch opening, sparking means for igniting the air-fuel mixture in said auxiliary chamber whereby a torch flame is caused to extend through the torch opening to ignite said quiescent mixture, said torch opening being placed so that the torch flame extends symmetrically from the auxiliary chamber toward the axis of the piston and inclined with respect thereto.

Claim 13

Dependent Claim 272 words

In a four-cycle spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: a main combustion chamber having valved intake and exhaust passages, an auxiliary combustion chamber having a valved inlet passage, means forming a torch opening connecting said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of The total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch opening being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, carburetor means for supplying a lean air-fuel mixture to said valved intake passage, carburetor means for supplying a rich air-fuel mixture to said valved inlet passage, so that during the suction stroke of the piston a lean mixture is drawn into the main chamber and a rich mixture is simultaneously drawn through the auxiliary chamber and torch opening into the main chamber, means for limiting the amount of rich mixture introduced, the shape of the main chamber acting to minimize squish and turbulence at the end of the compression stroke so that a localized region comprising a quiescent mixture of moderate richness is formed in the main chamber near said torch opening, sparking means for igniting the air-fuel mixture in said auxiliary chamber whereby a torch flame is caused to extend through the torch opening to ignite said quiescent mixture, said torch opening being placed so that the torch flame extends symmetrically from the auxiliary chamber toward the axis of the piston and inclined with respect thereto.

Claim 14

Dependent Claim 209 words

In an internal combustion engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, said auxiliary chamber including a thin wall metallic cup of low heat capacity for rapid temperature buildup, said cup being mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having an aperture providing restricted communication between said chambers, the cross sectional area of said aperture being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary chamber, a spark plug having electrodes positioned outside said metallic cup, said cup having a second aperture establishing communication between the spark plug electrodes and the interior of the cup, whereby an air-fuel mixture in the auxiliary chamber may be ignited to propel a torch flame through said first aperture, said first aperture being placed so that the torch flame axis extends symmetrically from the auxiliary chamber toward the axis of the piston and inclined with respect thereto.

Claim 15

Dependent Claim 209 words

In an internal combustion engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, said auxiliary chamber including a thin wall metallic cup of low heat capacity for rapid temperature buildup, said cup being mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having an aperture providing restricted communication between said chambers, the cross sectional area of said aperture being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary chamber, a spark plug having electrodes positioned outside said metallic cup, said cup having a second aperture establishing communication between the spark plug electrodes and the interior of the cup, whereby an air-fuel mixture in the auxiliary chamber may be ignited to propel a torch flame through said first aperture, said first aperture being placed so that the torch flame axis extends symmetrically from the auxiliary chamber toward the axis of the piston and inclined with respect thereto.

Claim 16

Dependent Claim 219 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the engine having valved intake and exhaust passages communicating with a main combustion chamber, and having a valved intake passage communicating with an auxiliary combustion chamber, the chambers communicating through a torch nozzle, and a spark plug positioned to ignite a combustible mixture in the auxiliary chamber, the improvement comprising, in combination: means including a first carburetor for supplying a rich mixture to the valved intake passage communicating with the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the valved intake passage to the main combustion chamber, each carburetor having a venturi passage and a throttle valve, means for operating both throttle valves simultaneously but at different rates, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than the cross sectional area of the venturi passage in said first carburetor, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxilIary combustion chamber.

Claim 17

Dependent Claim 219 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the engine having valved intake and exhaust passages communicating with a main combustion chamber, and having a valved intake passage communicating with an auxiliary combustion chamber, the chambers communicating through a torch nozzle, and a spark plug positioned to ignite a combustible mixture in the auxiliary chamber, the improvement comprising, in combination: means including a first carburetor for supplying a rich mixture to the valved intake passage communicating with the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the valved intake passage to the main combustion chamber, each carburetor having a venturi passage and a throttle valve, means for operating both throttle valves simultaneously but at different rates, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than the cross sectional area of the venturi passage in said first carburetor, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxilIary combustion chamber.

Claim 18

Dependent Claim 236 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, control means connecting said carburetors for dependent action, a spark plug associated with the auxiliary chamber, and a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having an aperture forming at least a part of the torch nozzle and having another aperture communicating with the spark plug, means for conducting exhaust gases from said main combustion chamber, and means for heating the rich mixture by heat exchange with the exhaust gases.

Claim 19

Dependent Claim 236 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, control means connecting said carburetors for dependent action, a spark plug associated with the auxiliary chamber, and a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having an aperture forming at least a part of the torch nozzle and having another aperture communicating with the spark plug, means for conducting exhaust gases from said main combustion chamber, and means for heating the rich mixture by heat exchange with the exhaust gases.

Claim 20

Dependent Claim 246 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, control means connecting said carburetors for dependent action, a spark plug associated with the auxiliary chamber and provided with electrodes, a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having a first aperture forming at least a part of the torch nozzle and having a second aperture communicating with the spark plug, the second aperture being out of alignment with respect to the first aperture, and the spark plug electrodes being positioned to avoid direct interception of mixture introduced into the auxiliary chamber.

Claim 21

Dependent Claim 246 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, control means connecting said carburetors for dependent action, a spark plug associated with the auxiliary chamber and provided with electrodes, a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having a first aperture forming at least a part of the torch nozzle and having a second aperture communicating with the spark plug, the second aperture being out of alignment with respect to the first aperture, and the spark plug electrodes being positioned to avoid direct interception of mixture introduced into the auxiliary chamber.

Claim 22

Dependent Claim 269 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, control means connecting said carburetors for dependent action, a spark plug associated with the auxiliary chamber and provided with electrodes, a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having a first aperture forming at least a part of the torch nozzle and having a second aperture communicating with the spark plug, the second aperture being out of alignment with respect to the first aperture, the spark plug electrodes being positioned to avoid direct interception of mixture introduced into the auxiliary chamber, means for conducting exhaust gases from said main combustion chamber, and means for heating the rich mixture by heat exchange with the exhaust gases.

Claim 23

Dependent Claim 269 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, control means connecting said carburetors for dependent action, a spark plug associated with the auxiliary chamber and provided with electrodes, a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within but spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having a first aperture forming at least a part of the torch nozzle and having a second aperture communicating with the spark plug, the second aperture being out of alignment with respect to the first aperture, the spark plug electrodes being positioned to avoid direct interception of mixture introduced into the auxiliary chamber, means for conducting exhaust gases from said main combustion chamber, and means for heating the rich mixture by heat exchange with the exhaust gases.

Claim 24

Dependent Claim 331 words

In an internal combustion engine a spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the engine having valved intake and exhaust passages communicating with a main combustion chamber, and having a valved inlet passage communicating with an auxiliary combustion chamber, the chambers communicating through a torch nozzle restriction, and a spark plug positioned to ignite a combustible mixture in the auxiliary chamber, the improvement comprising, in combination: means including a first carburetor throat for supplying a rich mixture to said valved inlet passage, means including a second carburetor throat for supplying a lean mixture to said valved intake passage, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, each carburetor having a throttle valve, means for moving both throttle valves simultaneously, means for coordinating the movement of said throttle valves so that they move at different relative rates between idling and full throttle positions, for varying the quantity of the mixture supplied to each of said chambers, control means for said valved passages so that during the suction stroke of the piston a lean mixture is drawn into the main chamber and a rich mixture is simultaneously drawn through the auxiliary chamber and torch nozzle restriction into the main chamber, the shape of the main chamber acting to minimize turbulence so that a localized region comprising a mixture of moderate richness is formed in the main chamber near the torch nozzle restriction, the spark plug igniting the air-fuel mixture in said auxiliary chamber whereby a torch flame is caused to extend through the torch nozzle restriction to produce slow combustion during the entire power stroke of the piston, with a resulting low peak temperature of combustion.

Claim 25

Dependent Claim 331 words

In an internal combustion engine a spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the engine having valved intake and exhaust passages communicating with a main combustion chamber, and having a valved inlet passage communicating with an auxiliary combustion chamber, the chambers communicating through a torch nozzle restriction, and a spark plug positioned to ignite a combustible mixture in the auxiliary chamber, the improvement comprising, in combination: means including a first carburetor throat for supplying a rich mixture to said valved inlet passage, means including a second carburetor throat for supplying a lean mixture to said valved intake passage, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, each carburetor having a throttle valve, means for moving both throttle valves simultaneously, means for coordinating the movement of said throttle valves so that they move at different relative rates between idling and full throttle positions, for varying the quantity of the mixture supplied to each of said chambers, control means for said valved passages so that during the suction stroke of the piston a lean mixture is drawn into the main chamber and a rich mixture is simultaneously drawn through the auxiliary chamber and torch nozzle restriction into the main chamber, the shape of the main chamber acting to minimize turbulence so that a localized region comprising a mixture of moderate richness is formed in the main chamber near the torch nozzle restriction, the spark plug igniting the air-fuel mixture in said auxiliary chamber whereby a torch flame is caused to extend through the torch nozzle restriction to produce slow combustion during the entire power stroke of the piston, with a resulting low peak temperature of combustion.

Claim 26

Dependent Claim 198 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: valved intake and exhaust passages communicating with a main combustion chamber, a valved intake passage communicating with an auxiliary combustion chamber, the chambers communicating through a torch nozzle, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, a spark plug positioned to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber, means including a first conduit for supplying a rich mixture to the valved intake passage to the auxiliary chamber, means including a thin wall metallic conduit for receiving exhaust gases from the valved exhaust passage, and means connecting at least a portion of said conduits in heat exchange relationship so that thE mixture in said first conduit is heated by exhaust gases in said thin wall conduit, said means including an enclosing housing of relatively thick walls encompassing said thin wall conduit.

Claim 27

Dependent Claim 198 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine for minimizing unwanted emissions such as NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: valved intake and exhaust passages communicating with a main combustion chamber, a valved intake passage communicating with an auxiliary combustion chamber, the chambers communicating through a torch nozzle, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, a spark plug positioned to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber, means including a first conduit for supplying a rich mixture to the valved intake passage to the auxiliary chamber, means including a thin wall metallic conduit for receiving exhaust gases from the valved exhaust passage, and means connecting at least a portion of said conduits in heat exchange relationship so that thE mixture in said first conduit is heated by exhaust gases in said thin wall conduit, said means including an enclosing housing of relatively thick walls encompassing said thin wall conduit.

Claim 28

Dependent Claim 187 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within and spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having an aperture forming a torch nozzle establishing communication between said main chamber and said auxiliary chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, and said cup having another aperture communicating with the spark plug.

Claim 29

Dependent Claim 187 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, means including a first carburetor having a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second carburetor for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, a thin wall heat resistant cup mounted within and spaced from the walls of said cavity, said cup having an aperture forming a torch nozzle establishing communication between said main chamber and said auxiliary chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being greater than that of the venturi throat of said first carburetor, and said cup having another aperture communicating with the spark plug.

Claim 30

Dependent Claim 202 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a thin wall metallic cup of low heat capacity for rapid temperature build-up mounted within the cavity but spaced from the walls thereof, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, means including a first aperture in the wall of the metallic cup forming a torch nozzle connecting the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a valve for supplying a rich air-fuel mixture into the interior of said cup, a spark plug having electrodes positioned inside said auxiliary chamber but outside said cup and spaced from the cup wall to avoid direct interception of rich mixture passing said valve into said cup, and said cup having a second aperture establishing communication between said spark plug electrodes and the interior of said cup.

Claim 31

Dependent Claim 202 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming a cavity for an auxiliary combustion chamber, a thin wall metallic cup of low heat capacity for rapid temperature build-up mounted within the cavity but spaced from the walls thereof, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, means including a first aperture in the wall of the metallic cup forming a torch nozzle connecting the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a valve for supplying a rich air-fuel mixture into the interior of said cup, a spark plug having electrodes positioned inside said auxiliary chamber but outside said cup and spaced from the cup wall to avoid direct interception of rich mixture passing said valve into said cup, and said cup having a second aperture establishing communication between said spark plug electrodes and the interior of said cup.

Claim 32

Dependent Claim 37 words

The combination set forth in claim 18 in which the cup has a portion exposed to the main chamber and in which said first aperture in the cup wall is the sole means forming the torch nozzle.

Claim 33

Dependent Claim 58 words

The combination set forth in claim 18 in which walls are provided forming a recess for reception of at least a portion of the spark plug, the recess intersecting said cavity, said portion of the spark plug filling a major portion of said recess so that the remaining portion which receives the spark plug electrodes is relatively small.

Claim 34

Dependent Claim 50 words

The combination set forth in claim 18 including exhaust passage means for conducting exhaust gases from said main combustion chamber and means for passing said rich air-fuel mixture in heat exchange relationship with said exhaust passage means prior to its entry into said cup to promote evaporation of fuel droplets.

Claim 35

Dependent Claim 188 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, means forming an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle restriction establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch Nozzle restriction being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a valved intake passage for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second valved intake passage for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, ignition means to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber to cause a flame to project through the torch nozzle restriction to burn the lean mixture in the main combustion chamber, and means for controlling the weight of fuel delivered to the auxiliary chamber as compared to the weight of fuel delivered to both chambers, for certain engine conditions, as follows:

Claim 36

Dependent Claim 188 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, means forming an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle restriction establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch Nozzle restriction being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a valved intake passage for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second valved intake passage for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, ignition means to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber to cause a flame to project through the torch nozzle restriction to burn the lean mixture in the main combustion chamber, and means for controlling the weight of fuel delivered to the auxiliary chamber as compared to the weight of fuel delivered to both chambers, for certain engine conditions, as follows:

Claim 37

Dependent Claim 221 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, means forming an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle restriction establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle restriction being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a valved intake passage for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second valved intake passage for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, ignition means to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber to cause a flame to project through the torch nozzle restriction to burn the lean mixture in the main combustion chamber, means forming a valved exhaust passage communicating with the main combustion chamber, means including a thin wall metallic conduit for receiving exhaust gases from said exhaust passage, an enclosing housing of relatively thick walls encompassing said thin wall metallic conduit, and means whereby the rich mixture in the first said intake passage is heated by exhaust gases in said thin wall metallic conduit.

Claim 38

Dependent Claim 221 words

In an internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, means forming an auxiliary combustion chamber, a torch nozzle restriction establishing communication between said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle restriction being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a valved intake passage for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a second valved intake passage for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, ignition means to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber to cause a flame to project through the torch nozzle restriction to burn the lean mixture in the main combustion chamber, means forming a valved exhaust passage communicating with the main combustion chamber, means including a thin wall metallic conduit for receiving exhaust gases from said exhaust passage, an enclosing housing of relatively thick walls encompassing said thin wall metallic conduit, and means whereby the rich mixture in the first said intake passage is heated by exhaust gases in said thin wall metallic conduit.

Claim 39

Dependent Claim 231 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming an auxiliary combustion chamber, means forming a torch nozzle restriction connecting said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber being from 5 to 12 percent of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle restriction being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle restriction being greater than that of said venturi throat, ignition means to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber to cause a flame to project through the torch nozzle restriction to burn the lean mixture in the main combustion chamber, means forming a valved exhaust passage communicating with the main combustion chamber, means including a thin wall metallic conduit for receiving exhaust gases from said exhaust passage, an enclosing housing of relatively thick walls encompassing said thin wall metallic conduit, and means whereby the rich mixture for the auxiliary chamber is heated by exhaust gases in said thin wall metallic conduit.

Claim 40

Dependent Claim 231 words

In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine for minimizing unwanted emissions in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: walls including a movable piston forming a main combustion chamber, walls forming an auxiliary combustion chamber, means forming a torch nozzle restriction connecting said chambers, the volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber being from 5 to 12 percent of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle restriction being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including a venturi throat for supplying a rich mixture to the auxiliary combustion chamber, means for supplying a lean mixture to the main combustion chamber, the cross sectional area of the torch nozzle restriction being greater than that of said venturi throat, ignition means to ignite a mixture in the auxiliary chamber to cause a flame to project through the torch nozzle restriction to burn the lean mixture in the main combustion chamber, means forming a valved exhaust passage communicating with the main combustion chamber, means including a thin wall metallic conduit for receiving exhaust gases from said exhaust passage, an enclosing housing of relatively thick walls encompassing said thin wall metallic conduit, and means whereby the rich mixture for the auxiliary chamber is heated by exhaust gases in said thin wall metallic conduit.

Claim 41

Dependent Claim 315 words

In a four-cycle internal combustion engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber connected by a torch opening, one wall of the main chamber being formed by a piston reciprocating in a cylinder, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch opening being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including valve means for supplying a lean air-fuel mixture to the main chamber and a rich air-fuel mixture to the auxiliary chamber so that during the suction stroke of the piston rich mixture is drawn through the torch opening, the size and position of the torch opening causing the rich mixture to diffuse and disperse into the lean mixture to form a localized region of intermediate richness in the main chamber near the torch opening, means for limiting the quantity of the rich mixture supplied, the main chamber having a periphery coincident with the cylinder wall to minimize turbulence in the main chamber at the end of the subsequent compression stroke of the piston and so that an air-fuel mixture gradient remains in the main chamber near the torch opening at that time, sparking means for igniting the compressed mixture in the auxiliary chamber whereby a torch flame is caused to extend through the torch opening into said mixture gradient in the main chamber, said opening being positioned to direct the torch flame symmetrically from the auxiliary chamber toward the cylinder axis and inclined with respect thereto, to cause slow flame front propagation in the lean mixture and prolong combustion throughout the entire power stroke of the piston, and beyond.

Claim 42

Dependent Claim 315 words

In a four-cycle internal combustion engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber connected by a torch opening, one wall of the main chamber being formed by a piston reciprocating in a cylinder, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch opening being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary combustion chamber, means including valve means for supplying a lean air-fuel mixture to the main chamber and a rich air-fuel mixture to the auxiliary chamber so that during the suction stroke of the piston rich mixture is drawn through the torch opening, the size and position of the torch opening causing the rich mixture to diffuse and disperse into the lean mixture to form a localized region of intermediate richness in the main chamber near the torch opening, means for limiting the quantity of the rich mixture supplied, the main chamber having a periphery coincident with the cylinder wall to minimize turbulence in the main chamber at the end of the subsequent compression stroke of the piston and so that an air-fuel mixture gradient remains in the main chamber near the torch opening at that time, sparking means for igniting the compressed mixture in the auxiliary chamber whereby a torch flame is caused to extend through the torch opening into said mixture gradient in the main chamber, said opening being positioned to direct the torch flame symmetrically from the auxiliary chamber toward the cylinder axis and inclined with respect thereto, to cause slow flame front propagation in the lean mixture and prolong combustion throughout the entire power stroke of the piston, and beyond.

Claim 43

Dependent Claim 30 words

The combination set forth in claim 25 in which said main combustion chamber has its greatest depth at one side of the centerline of the piston adjacent the torch opening.

Claim 44

Dependent Claim 313 words

In a four-cycle internal combustion engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber connected by a torch opening, one wall of the main chamber being formed by a piston reciprocating in a cylinder, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch opening being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary chamber, means including valve means for supplying a lean air-fuel mixture into the main chamber and a rich air-fuel mixture into the auxiliary chamber so that during the suction stroke of the piston, lean mixture is drawn into the main chamber and rich mixture is drawn through the auxiliary chamber through the torch opening into the main chamber, the shape of the torch opening causing the rich mixture to diffuse and disperse into the lean mixture to form a localized region of intermediate richness in the main chamber near the torch opening, means for limiting the quantity of the rich mixture supplied, the main chamber having a periphery coincident with the cylinder wall to minimize turbulence in the main chamber at the end of the subsequent compression stroke of the piston and so that an air-fuel mixture gradient remains in the main chamber near the torch opening at that time, sparking means for igniting the compressed mixture in the auxiliary chamber to project a flame through the torch opening and ignite the mixture gradient in the main chamber, the resulting temperature rise in the main chamber reaching a peak and then falling from the peak less than one-half of the amount of the rise during the remainder of the power stroke.

Claim 45

Dependent Claim 313 words

In a four-cycle internal combustion engine for simultaneously minimizing unwanted emissions of NOx, HC and CO in the engine exhaust gases, the combination of: a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber connected by a torch opening, one wall of the main chamber being formed by a piston reciprocating in a cylinder, the volume of the auxiliary chamber being from 5 to 12% of the total combined volume of the main chamber and the auxiliary chamber, and the cross sectional area of the torch opening being from 0.04 to 0.16 square centimeter for each cubic centimeter of volume of the auxiliary chamber, means including valve means for supplying a lean air-fuel mixture into the main chamber and a rich air-fuel mixture into the auxiliary chamber so that during the suction stroke of the piston, lean mixture is drawn into the main chamber and rich mixture is drawn through the auxiliary chamber through the torch opening into the main chamber, the shape of the torch opening causing the rich mixture to diffuse and disperse into the lean mixture to form a localized region of intermediate richness in the main chamber near the torch opening, means for limiting the quantity of the rich mixture supplied, the main chamber having a periphery coincident with the cylinder wall to minimize turbulence in the main chamber at the end of the subsequent compression stroke of the piston and so that an air-fuel mixture gradient remains in the main chamber near the torch opening at that time, sparking means for igniting the compressed mixture in the auxiliary chamber to project a flame through the torch opening and ignite the mixture gradient in the main chamber, the resulting temperature rise in the main chamber reaching a peak and then falling from the peak less than one-half of the amount of the rise during the remainder of the power stroke.

Annuity Stage	Window Opens	Payment Deadline	Surcharge Period Until	Estimated Fee	Status
3.5 Years (Year 4)	1978-06-23	1978-12-23	1979-06-24	$2000.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8)	1982-06-23	1982-12-23	1983-06-24	$3760.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12)	1986-06-23	1986-12-23	1987-06-24	$7700.00	Window Closed / Lapsed

Reduction of NO{HD x{b , HC, and CO in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines

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