US3875508A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Metering electrical energy (kWh) in single phase systems
Assignee: General Electric Co
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Filing: 1973-09-07
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Granted: 1975-04-01
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Expires: 1993-09-07
Abstract
Abstract Metering kWh in a single-phase, two-wire, fL hertz, electrical system is accomplished by multiplying analog signals representing line current and voltage so as to produce a series of width-andamplitude modulated pulse signals, each representing instantaneous power in the system during a sampling interval TS 1fS; TL 1/fL being much greater than TS. The series of modulated pulse signals is converted in, for example, a low-pass filter to a signal having an amplitude representative of average power. An analog-to-pulse rate converter is used for converting the signal representing average power to another series of output pulse signals having a variable signal repetition rate f proportional to average power, each output pulse signal representing a constant, or quantized, amount of electrical energy. A stepping switch and register performs conventional accumulation, storage and display functions in response to said series of output pulse signals delivered thereto.
Inventors
- 👤 Miran Milkovic
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-25 19:36
CPC Classifications
G; G01; G01R; G01R21/00; G01R21/133; G01R21/127
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 20
Claim 1
Independent Claim
147 words
A method for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical current flowing in said system, producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical voltage in said system, multiplying said first and second analog signal to produce a third analog signal representative of electrical power in said system, converting said third analog signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to said power and each quantized signal representing a constant predetermined unit of energy in said system, rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a repetition rate below a preselected repetition rate, and counting only the non-rejected quantized signals which occur at a repetition rate above said preselected repetition rate thereby accurately meteriNg said electrical energy.
Claim 2
Independent Claim
147 words
A method for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical current flowing in said system, producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical voltage in said system, multiplying said first and second analog signal to produce a third analog signal representative of electrical power in said system, converting said third analog signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to said power and each quantized signal representing a constant predetermined unit of energy in said system, rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a repetition rate below a preselected repetition rate, and counting only the non-rejected quantized signals which occur at a repetition rate above said preselected repetition rate thereby accurately meteriNg said electrical energy.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
202 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c. single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: first transducer means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical current flowing in said system, second transducer means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical voltage in said system, multiplying means operatively connected to said first and second transducer means for receiving said first and second analog signals, for multiplying said first and second analog signals and thereby producing a third analog signal representative of electrical power in said system, analog-to-digital conversion means operatively connected to said multiplying means for converting said third analog signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to said power and each quantized signal representing a constant predetermined unit of energy in said system, low pulse rate cut-off circuit means operatively connected to said analog-to-digital conversion means for passing only those quantized signals which occur at a repetition rate above a preselected repetition rate, and counting means connected to said low pulse rate cut-off circuit means for counting the quantized signals passed thereby and thus accurately metering said electrical energy.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
202 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c. single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: first transducer means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical current flowing in said system, second transducer means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of electrical voltage in said system, multiplying means operatively connected to said first and second transducer means for receiving said first and second analog signals, for multiplying said first and second analog signals and thereby producing a third analog signal representative of electrical power in said system, analog-to-digital conversion means operatively connected to said multiplying means for converting said third analog signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to said power and each quantized signal representing a constant predetermined unit of energy in said system, low pulse rate cut-off circuit means operatively connected to said analog-to-digital conversion means for passing only those quantized signals which occur at a repetition rate above a preselected repetition rate, and counting means connected to said low pulse rate cut-off circuit means for counting the quantized signals passed thereby and thus accurately metering said electrical energy.
Claim 5
Independent Claim
514 words
A method for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and als gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (IS-TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, durinG a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 6
Independent Claim
514 words
A method for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and als gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (IS-TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, durinG a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 7
Independent Claim
612 words
A method for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said first analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS-TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantizeD signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided-rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have their signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 8
Independent Claim
612 words
A method for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said first analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS-TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantizeD signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided-rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have their signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 9
Independent Claim
516 words
A method of metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative tosaid second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration IS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 10
Independent Claim
516 words
A method of metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative tosaid second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration IS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 11
Independent Claim
614 words
A method of metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided-rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have theiR signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 12
Independent Claim
614 words
A method of metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; pulse width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width-modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided-rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have theiR signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
535 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said first analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/IS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS/TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
535 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said first analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/IS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS/TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
634 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* OUT of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said first analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having s signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS/TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have their signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
634 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* OUT of phase relative to said first analog signal and otherwise like said first analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having s signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said second analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating second analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said first analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS/TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gating first and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have their signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
537 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of vOltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series of ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
537 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of vOltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said first series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series of ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate are counted.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
636 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said fiRst series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have their signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
636 words
Apparatus for metering electrical energy in an a.c., single phase, two line, fL hertz system comprising: means for producing a first analog signal of fL hertz representative of current in one of the two lines; means for producing a second analog signal of fL hertz representative of voltage between the two lines; means for producing a third analog signal which is 180* out of phase relative to said second analog signal and otherwise like said second analog signal; means for producing a first series of bipolar pulse signals, said first series of signals having a signal repetition rate fS which is greater than fL, each bipolar pulse signal of said first series having positive and negative pulse signal portions of equal amplitudes and time durations; means for pulse-width modulating said fiRst series of bipolar pulse signals with said first analog signal so as to produce a second series of pulse-width modulated bipolar pulse signals, said second series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each bipolar pulse signal of said second series having the period TS 1/fS and a positive pulse signal portion of time duration TA so that for each bipolar pulse signal of said second series the ratio TA/TS is proportional to the amplitude of said modulating first analog signal at a time corresponding to the occurrence of the particular pulse signal in said second series; means for gating said second analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations TA of each positive pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series and also gating said third analog signal under the control of said second series of pulse signals for the time durations (TS - TA) of each negative pulse signal portion of each said pulse signal in said second series so as to produce from said gated second and third analog signals a third series of bipolar pulse signals, said third series of signals having the signal repetition rate fS, each said bipolar pulse signal of said third series including a unipolar component signal of duration TS, which is the period of each said bipolar pulse signal, said unipolar component signal having an amplitude proportional to the difference between the areas of the positive and negative pulse signal portions of the bipolar pulse signal; means for filtering said third series of bipolar pulse signals and producing a first unipolar signal having, during a time duration at least as long as 1/fL, an amplitude proportional to the average of the amplitudes of said unipolar component signals of said third series of signals; means for converting said first unipolar signal to a series of quantized signals, the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals being proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral of Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for dividing the signal repetition rate of said series of quantized signals so as to produce another series of quantized signals having a smaller signal repetition rate which is also proportional to the amplitude of said first unipolar signal, each quantized signal of the series of divided rate signals representing a constant, said constant being proportional to the time integral Pdt over a duration of time Tq, P representing the amplitude of said first unipolar signal; means for counting said divided-rate quantized signals; and means for rejecting those quantized signals which occur at a rate below a preselected repetition rate so that only the quantized signals occurring at or above said preselected rate have their signal repetition rate divided so as to produce said other series of quantized signals at said smaller signal repetition rate.
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1978-03-31 | 1978-09-30 | 1979-04-01 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1982-03-31 | 1982-09-30 | 1983-04-01 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1986-03-31 | 1986-09-30 | 1987-04-01 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |