Preparation of Diaryl Ethers and Diaryl Sulfides

Claim 3

The method of Claim 1 comprising heating a phenol or a β-hydroxy-substituted fused aromatic ring-system compound to form a diaryl ether.

Claim 4

The method of Claim 2 wherein the phenol or β-hydroxy substituted fused aromatic ring-system compound, apart from the phenolic oxygen substituent therein, either is otherwise unsubstituted or is traditionally substituted with either at least one alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or at least one other substituent that is inert to the coupling reaction, or both, and wherein each aforesaid alkyl and other inert substituent is attached to an aromatic ring carbon atom that is located other than ortho to the phenolic oxygen substituent, and wherein an aforesaid alkyl group optionally contains 3 or 4 carbon atoms and, in combination with an aromatic ring of the phenol or β-hydroxy-substituted fused aromatic ring-system compound, forms a saturated ring fused to such aromatic ring.

Claim 5

The method of Claim 3 wherein the phenol or β-hydroxy-substituted fused aromatic ring-system compound is phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, 3,4-xylenol, 3,5-xylenol, 3,4,5-trimethylphenol, 5-tetralinol.

Claim 6

The method of Claim 2 wherein the coupling is performed with the phenol or β-hydroxy-substituted fused aromatic ring-system compound dissolved in a solvent that is inert to the coupling reaction.

Claim 7

The method of Claim 5 wherein the solvent com­prises benzene, toluene, a xylene, a hexane, a heptane, tetrahydrofuran, or 1,4-dioxane.

Claim 8

The method of Claim 2 wherein a carrier gas that is inert to the coupling reaction is employed to sweep the phenol or β-hydroxy-substituted fused aromatic ring-system compound through the catalyst bed.

Claim 9

The method of Claim 7 wherein the carrier gas comprises hydrogen.

Claim 10

The method of Claim 2 wherein the catalyst support is selected from the group consisting of pure silica, pure zirconia, carbon, asbestos and quartz.

Claim 11

The method of Claim 9 wherein the catalyst support is pure silica or pure zirconia and contains less than 1000 parts per million of metallic impurities calcu­lated as the elemental metals.

Claim 12

The method of Claim 10 wherein the catalyst support is fumed silica or zirconia.

Claim 13

The method of Claim 2 wherein the catalyst is formed by calcination at a temperature in the range of from about 600°C to about 800°C of thorium salt deposited on the support.

Claim 14

The method of Claim 12 wherein the neutral support is calcined at 500°-1000°C before deposition on it of the thorium salt.

Claim 15

The method of Claim 2 wherein the reaction temperature is in the range of from about 425°C to about 450°C.

Claim 16

The method of Claim 14 wherein, during the coupling reaction, the reaction temperature is gradually increased at a rate of increase that is from about 0.04°C to about 0.45°C per day, within the temperature range of from about 425°C to about 450°C.